Smart Investment Options For Your Retirement

June 29, 2009


Saving money and then watching it grow is an exciting thing but this requires knowing the right means of investing. In addition to a standard savings account, people invest with IRAs, stocks, bonds, real estate, businesses, 401K programs, and so on. The good news is that when it comes to investing, you have many excellent options from which to choose. Obviously, you want to choose the option that will make the most out of your hard-earned money.

Although people invest for different reasons, the number one reason is for retirement. Knowing how hard it would be to live off Social Security, people, especially those from the Baby Boomer era, are taking investing seriously, and they should. When you consider the low income for retirees, along with inflation, trying to live a decent life would be a challenge. Unfortunately, millions of people now live at or below poverty level because they did not plan for their retirement.

One of the most popular forms used for investing is the stock market. If you choose the right stock and the right equations, you can do very well. However, with the stock market, you need to remember that you are depending on market performance. In other words, if the stock market were ever to plummet as it did before, you could lose everything. For this reason, while the stock market is one option for investing, there are others with fewer risks.

For starters, there is a 401K and IRA. With this, you might think about contributing to an IRA account, based off funds from your company’s 401K plan. With a 401K, most companies will match funds to a certain point. Then, once you have achieved a set level, you would become eligible for the highest matching possible, allowing you to contribute to an IRA. When looking at an IRA, we recommend you choose one that does not penalize you for taking money out. Although the goal is to leave the money in, you could be faced with an emergency in which you would need to withdraw some funds. Therefore, a Roth IRA would be the ideal solution.

Investing can also be done by diversifying your mutual funds. Once you have invested your money in a standard index fund, you would need to look at various markets and industries of interest. With this, compare the mutual funds that concentrate on different aspects of the market. The bottom line is that if you use your mutual funds for investing in various market segments, you get the advantage of large trends while eliminating the risk with other types of investments.

You will also find a number of online investing companies that will allow you to buy stock for as little as $4. These programs are convenient and if done right, can be beneficial. The key in this case is not to become too “trade happy”, meaning you should not trade too often. For the most back on your money with online investing, we suggest you commit to following up on your stocks no more than once a week. Keep in mind that other types of investing include corporate bonds, insider trading, and 529 funds, which is a great way to save for your child’s future college.
Grant Segall writes for the investment and money matters website Investentry.com

To Win Or To Fail Tips For Successful Trading

June 26, 2009


Investing money entails a great amount of risk. Like they always say, “It takes money, to make money.”

Money doesn’t grow on trees, you know.

But it doesn’t necessarily mean that to achieve good profits, one has to invest heavily and risk greatly. That is not the case all the time. A well-informed investor can make sound decisions that will help him earn considerable profits with minimal loss.

The first lesson a successful businessman will tell you is that any endeavor carries potential risk along with potential gain. The trick is to determine if the profit is worth the risk. If it is, it is now time to consider if you are willing to take the risk.

So before you start trading, ask yourself this:

a.) What are your achievement goals?
b.) Are your investments going to lose money?
c.) Are you willing to take bigger risks for better profits?

Setting your achievement goals will allow you to know how long you’re willing to wait for a stock to gain profit. It will also give you a limit on how much you’re willing to lose. It will also give you an idea on how to go about investing in a stock.

If you choose a low-return investment, it will mean that either you increase the amount you invest or increase the length of time invested.

After you have made up your mind with the above questions, there are some tips you may want to use to evaluate your trading philosophy.

a.) When to invest. Ordinarily, you want to trade all the time. You get excited when you see shares go up or when they fall down. You make decisions based on a whim and factors that don’t usually affect a stock in the long run. The best traders wait 50% of the time waiting and studying how a stock performs. They do not trade every day and all the time.

b.) Discipline yourself. You are so excited to make trades that you trade on a stock that looks half-decent enough rather than waiting for the best stock to come along.

c.) Small moves big payoffs. Don’t waste time dabbling in so many small stocks with minimal profit. Watch out for big stocks and concentrate on a few.

d.) Do not be too emotional. Making money is exciting. Losing money can get very depressing. Detach yourself from your emotions; otherwise, you won’t be able to look at things objectively.

Trading stocks is a high-risk, high-profit venture. Dabbling in the stock market half-cocked is suicide. Take your time. Study, research and be patient. After all, it’s your money, so it’s your loss.
Find out more about stocks and shares at http://stocksandshares.us

Private Moneylenders The Real Estate Investors Secret Weapon

June 23, 2009


Real estate investments are very lucrative and offer a variety of other benefits such as tax deductibles and asset appreciation. However, it is beyond the financial means of most real estate investors to pay the cost of their property up front. Such investors have to obtain a home loan from private lenders or financial institutions to bear the cost of their new home.

It is very common for real estate investors to procure finance in a range of eighty to hundred percent of the property value. The homeowner is required to make monthly payments to the financial company for an agreed period.

Private moneylenders or ‘hard’ moneylenders are generally third party lenders that provide the necessary funds to buy or renovate your home. In exchange, the homeowner agrees to pay a certain percentage of the profits earned after selling a property after renovation. This form of lending is mutually beneficial to both parties. It guarantees lenders better returns for their money, as the rate of interest is quite high.

The loans, often short-term loans, are especially beneficial to real estate investors who have a financial need for a very short while or who have been turned down by other financial institutions due to poor credit score. Another advantage of obtaining loans from private moneylenders is that they offer fast loans unlike many other financial companies and banks that offer loans after following a long internal procedure for loan sanctions. As a result, investors are drawn to such lenders owing to the flexibility and convenience offered by private moneylenders.

Typically, private moneylenders are most eager to work with people who have a promising venture. If a venture is good enough, they are willing to overlook their credit records. This form of financing can prove to be extremely expensive as such loans attract very high interest rates as compared to other banking and financial institutions. Another difficulty is that such lenders are quite hard to locate as compared to other traditional lenders.

People, who have surplus liquid cash and are on the lookout for ways to multiply this amount in a short period of time, become private moneylenders to provide funds to borrowers who are in need of quick cash.

However, it should be noted that all private moneylenders differ in their dealings and the amount of funds provided and the repayment terms may greatly differ. They may charge an interest in the range of 12% to 18% and have a well-drafted loan agreement to secure their investment. They may finance 50% to 75% of the home value post renovation for a period ranging from six months to five years.

The funds can be held in trust or escrowed until the renovation project is fully completed.
Discover exactly how Sal Vannutini combined two of the easiest (yet brutally powerful) real estate investing strategies and made an insane $31,510 Profit In Just 49 Days… And How You Can Do The Same!”. Visit FixerUpperFortunes.com

Real Estate Investing Avoid Buying a Unique Home in Preforeclosure Even From a Nice Family

June 21, 2009


Early in my career as a real estate investor, I got a call from a really nice family about to lose their home to foreclosure. Located in the suburbs, the house looked pretty much like every other house in the middle-income neighborhood on the outside. On the inside, though, the house was very unusual.

You see, the husband and wife were theater majors in college and they remodeled the lower level of their home to look like the set of a movie. The home gym looked like the set of Million Dollar Baby. The playroom looked like the set of Home Alone. And the home theater (with seating for six and a big screen TV) was painted entirely black, floor, walls, and ceiling.

The parents home-schooled all four children, so the lower level also housed a study room with computers and desks. The two-car garage was fully carpeted because the youngest children liked to play there during the day.

The house was a full time home, school, gym and theater for this family. The parents thought they would live there forever - or at least until the last of their children moved away. But sadly, they missed a couple of mortgage payments and found it impossible to catch up. They called me in hopes of selling their house fast so they could save their credit.

When I did my due diligence, I learned that homes in this neighborhood did not stay on the market long. Close to the public schools, it was a quiet neighborhood with lots of green space. Add to that: the neighborhood homeowners association often held potluck dinners and street parties and were the envy of the surrounding community.

What could be better? I thought. A great one-of-a-kind house in a great neighborhood at a great price.

I bought the house with about 20% equity, no money out of my pocket, and cash back at closing. I immediately put the house on the market. At the time I thought the uniqueness of the property would be a great selling point. I thought it would stand out as “one of a kind” and families would fight to live there.

Boy, was I wrong.

Most people who looked at the house thought the unique features of the lower level were just plain weird.

I marketed the house specifically to families with children who I thought would love the spacious gym, the play room, the home theater, and the study rooms as much as the family who had put so much of their personal stamp on them. But no one else seemed to see the beauty of it.

Only the strangeness of it.

The house sat on the market five months without a decent offer. I watched my profit dwindle drastically over six months while paying holding costs, utilities, and lawn care.

Then I made a hard decision. I hired a remodeler to transform the lower level into an ordinary looking basement with smooth white walls, dropped ceilings and beige carpet. I watched even more of my profit evaporate.

But I quickly found a buyer.

Lesson to be learned: Three bedroom, two bath, bread-and-butter houses are the best investment properties for a reason. Everyone can imagine living in an ordinary house. Not everyone can see themselves living in a really unique one.
Krista Goering is an attorney, real estate investor, and coach who teaches real estate investing strategies online. Over a two year period, she bought and sold more than $4.5 million of real estate using these strategies. To receive her FREE Foreclosure Guide and Expert Tips, go to http://www.foreclosures-now.info.

The Biggest Lie Ever Told About Wealth

June 18, 2009


Why is it that 90% of the population find it so difficult to become rich? It is because all of us have been told the greatest lie of all, the lie that has been keeping us from becoming rich. Before you can ever become wealthy, you must first discover the truth about wealth and remove the wool that has been pulled over your eyes for way too long.

Let me start off by asking you to do a simple exercise. I would like you to close your eyes and picture a millionaire in your mind. Picture the clothes the person is wearing, the car he drives, how he spends his money, how he spends his day and how he dines. Go ahead and do this NOW before you go onto the next paragraph.

Well, what picture came into your mind?

If you are like most people, you would have pictured a millionaire as someone who wears the latest, branded clothes, who drives the newest luxury car model, who spends lavishly, who dines in fine restaurants and spends on the priciest, choicest dishes and most superb wines.

You may have imagined someone who is relaxing in a cushy leather upholstered armchair in his mansion or yacht, puffing on his Havana cigar. Why is this so?

It’s because of the way we have been brainwashed by television and movies to think this is the way millionaires live and spend their money. It is precisely these beliefs and habits that actually keep us from becoming wealthy!

The truth is that very few self-made millionaires live this way. In fact, the only ones who do live this indolent, self-indulgent lifestyle are the minority of millionaires who either inherited all their wealth or who made their money through sports or entertainment.

And all of them usually have one thing in common. They inevitably end up losing everything within ten years. Their wealth is only temporary. Look at Mike Tyson, Michael Jackson, Bobby Brown and a whole list of other celebrities who made hundreds of millions within their careers. They are either all broke or heavily in debt today.

In the New York Times Best-Selling book ‘The Millionaire Next Door’, Thomas J. Stanley interviewed 300 self-made American millionaires to find out how they think, how they earn their money and how they spend their wealth. What he discovered was a shocking revelation that made his book an instant best-seller.

It was discovered that many people who had high paying jobs, drove the latest luxury cars and wore the latest designer clothes and who appeared to be have millions to spend, were usually broke with a low personal net worth. Most of these professionals and senior executives of multi-national companies were what he termed ‘Under Accumulators of Wealth (UAW)’.

In contrast, those who were actual millionaires (that is those with a net worth of over US$1 million) lived very frugally and well below their means. Eighty-percent of them were born poor or from middle class families.

They wore inexpensive suits and never bought a watch that cost more than S$500. Most of them drove secondhand cars, never bought the latest models of vehicles and they usually invested a minimum of 20% of their income in the stock market or private businesses. He termed these people ‘Prodigious Accumulators of Wealth (PAW)’.

So if creating a million dollar fortune is what you’re aiming for, do what the actual millionaires do and you will accumulate wealth faster than the big spenders ever do.
Adam Khoo is an entrepreneur, best-selling author and a self-made millionaire by the age of 26. Discover his million dollar secrets and claim your FREE audio CD program ‘7 Steps To Financial Freedom’ here.

A Closer Look At Day Trading

June 16, 2009


Day trading is a controversial word in the world of stock trading. Many see it as a way to make a living off of the fast paced stock market. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) warns against the practice and cautions against getting involved in the practice.

Just what is day trading and why does it cause many to be cautious? Day trading is the practice of rapidly buying and selling stock throughout the day in the hopes to profit from the marginal changes in the market in that specific day. Ideally, this practice allows investors to profit from the fractional increases in the market.

Day traders look at a certain set of criteria when determining whether a stock is suitable for day trading. First, the stock must have a high liquidity. This means that the stock in question has a large numbers of buyers and sellers. The liquidity allows day traders to quickly acquire and then sell stock. Liquidity is based on the volume of transactions on the market, the number of outstanding shares, the total number of shareholders and the number of market makers. Most stocks on the NYSE and NASDAQ have a high degree of liquidity.

A day trader also looks at volume individually, in addition to using it as criteria for liquidity. To be eligible for day trading, a stock should trade at least 500,000 shares a day. Stocks with 500,000 trades a day or more will allow the day trader to acquire or sell a large amount of stock without greatly affecting the price of the stock. Volatility is another factor in evaluating a stock for day trading. The term refers to the actual or expected price movement of the stock. This movement is up or down over a period of time. Day traders look at the volatility of stocks over an individual day. Stocks that change price frequently over one trading day are ideal candidates for day trading. A fluctuation of at least $2.00 per day is recommended.

Finally, a day trader evaluates the price transparency of stock. This term refers to the ability to gather information on the order flow of a stock. Also called market depth, price transparency helps the day trader determine just how much money there is to be made on a certain stock. The Nasdaq II quote system offers information on all bids. Day traders who arrange to access the NASDAQ level II quote screens can assess the strength or weakness of a stock and determine its movement in price.

While day trading is completely legal and entirely ethical, it is highly risky. Day traders usually buy on borrowed money with the hope that they will obtain higher profits through their acquisitions and sales. People who are deemed “pattern day traders” by the NASDAQ and NYSE must have at least $25,000 in their accounts and can only trade in margin accounts. Margin accounts are brokerage accounts in which the broker lends the investor cash to purchase securities. If the value of the stock drops significantly, the investor is required to deposit more cash to cover the margin or sell the stock.

The SEC warns against day trading and has taken many steps to inform people of the associated risks.

The first few months a vast majority of day traders suffer massive financial losses and only a few make it through to become profit-making day traders. For this reason, day traders should only invest money that they can afford to lose. They should never use money for necessities such as living expenses, retirement accounts or second mortgages.

Keep in mind that day traders do not own stocks for longer than a few minutes at most. Stocks are never kept overnight because of extreme risk of prices changing to the detriment of the trader. Day traders do not invest, rather, they speculate on the movement in price of a stock throughout the day.

There are many websites whose sole purpose is to profit off those who wish to become day traders. These websites promise quick returns and offer “hot tips” to their members for a fee. The sources are most often paid to make these recommendations and should be avoided.
Gregg Hall is a business consultant and author for many online and offline businesses and lives in Navarre Florida. Get Day Trading Systems

5 Ways to Find the Best Stock Picks

June 14, 2009


There is no doubt that penny stocks are a risky and thinly traded breed of stocks issued by relatively tiny companies. Also, the SEC does not require penny stocks to follow their reporting rules. This combined with unclear or unverifiable financials can make this stock seem like something to avoid altogether. Penny stocks can be dangerous for investors of all experience levels but especially for amateurs just getting their feet wet. Here are five tips to help find the best penny stock picks.

1. Profit

First off is the company you are interested in investing in experiencing any sizeable profits. Better yet is their profit to debt ration favorable. Youd be hard pressed to find one of these little companies without debt but that doesnt mean you cant be picky. In this case the least amount of debt with the most profit will be a better investment. Another thing to watch is how progressive the debt payoffs have been. This would be a sign of good or bad financial management.

2. Industry Trends

This is one of those methods that almost all people use anyway. If there is a high demand for oil then people instinctively want to go buy oil stocks. The only problem with this kind of trend analysis is it really isnt forward looking analysis. This is just waiting and seeing which doesnt get you in on the ground floor of and investment before the public takes notice. Investing ahead of an industry trend is far better. So look for stocks in industries that are the edge of more demand.

3. Personal Interest

Theres a saying that you do well at things you enjoy to do. This makes logical sense and it works with stocks as well. If you invest in something that actually interests you then you will naturally be more studious and make more of an effort to choose the best stocks. It can be very boring researching stocks that dont interest you and you are likely not to be as thorough as you should be.

4. Tenure

How long has the company been in business? This is not to say that investing in newer companies is a bad idea but its more likely to be safer investing in a more established company with some kind of track record.

5. Bad Behavior

Last tip is an obvious one. Stay away from companies whose operations or transactions have been questionable. Even if the bad press is not completely true it will be difficult for a company to recover in the short and maybe even long term.
Scott Johns conducts research and analysis of stock market picks for a penny stock analysis company. To check out penny shares for some of his company’s latest picks.

Fall Noted In Borrowing Outlook

June 11, 2009


Less people are looking to save, borrow or invest money, according to the publication of new figures.

According to GfK NOP’s latest UK Financial Activity Bulletin (FAB) carried out for JGFR, an estimated 35.5 million Britons are expecting to do at least one of the above actions over the next six months, a fall from the 39.5 million recorded this time last year. Some 2.9 million fewer consumers intend to put money into a savings or investment scheme, with those planning to borrow via personal loans and credit cards falling by 1.8 million.

Commenting on the findings, John Gilbert, author of the report, said: “The latest Financial Activity Survey data reflects the straitjacket many consumers find themselves in. More people have adopted a cautious approach to personal finances - seemingly preferring to focus on meeting monthly commitments and spending out of income.”

Mr Gilbert claimed that the study also reveals that financial services providers are set to introduce a series of “attractive offers” over the remainder of the summer months in an attempt to encourage consumer spending activity despite the impact of recent interest rate increases and “squeezed2 household budgets. “As in March the current climate remains a tough one for retail financial services providers. With higher-margin consumer credit constrained by continuing bad debt write-offs, many are having to seek new ways of generating revenue from financially restrained consumers - or cut costs,” he added.

Figures from the firm also indicated that Britons are particularly pessimistic about lending money. The FAB Borrowing Index was reported to have remained unchanged from March’s figures at 74.0 - a record low. Meanwhile, the Consumer Credit Index was shown to have slumped to 74.9 - the lowest figure ever recorded and the fifth consecutive quarter in which Britons’ outlook on credit usage fell. Down from March’s figure of 77.6, the index was also below the 101.1 witnessed in June 2006. The shortfall in demand for consumer credit was attributed to borrowers becoming more careful on how they spend their money amid concerns over future base rate rises by the Bank of England.

Despite fewer people borrowing via credit cards and personal loans in recent months, GfK NOP reported that the past two years have witnessed ‘high levels’ of consumers making repayments on various debts. In turn, the proportion of the adults expecting to complete debt repayments in the coming months has reduced from about a third to less than 25 per cent over the last 12 months. However, the decrease in debt servicing was partially attributed to more consumers taking a break from making secured loan repayments.

At the beginning of last month Alliance & Leicester’s senior personal loans manager Richard Al-Dabbagh claimed that those who borrow money should do so with careful planning and thought. His comments come after research from the company showed that almost half (42 per cent) of car buyers choose an expensive forecourt finance deal as they find it a convenient option. Mr Al-Dabbagh reported that those funding a large purchase via store or credit cards may find a cheap personal loan to be a more competitive choice.
Abbi Rouse writes for the 1 Stop Finance Shop where you can apply online for debt consolidation loans. We specialise in all sorts of personal loans with online application. Visit Today: http://news.1stopfinanceshopuk.biz/

Private Moneylenders The Real Estate Investors Secret Weapon

June 9, 2009


Real estate investments are very lucrative and offer a variety of other benefits such as tax deductibles and asset appreciation. However, it is beyond the financial means of most real estate investors to pay the cost of their property up front. Such investors have to obtain a home loan from private lenders or financial institutions to bear the cost of their new home.

It is very common for real estate investors to procure finance in a range of eighty to hundred percent of the property value. The homeowner is required to make monthly payments to the financial company for an agreed period.

Private moneylenders or ‘hard’ moneylenders are generally third party lenders that provide the necessary funds to buy or renovate your home. In exchange, the homeowner agrees to pay a certain percentage of the profits earned after selling a property after renovation. This form of lending is mutually beneficial to both parties. It guarantees lenders better returns for their money, as the rate of interest is quite high.

The loans, often short-term loans, are especially beneficial to real estate investors who have a financial need for a very short while or who have been turned down by other financial institutions due to poor credit score. Another advantage of obtaining loans from private moneylenders is that they offer fast loans unlike many other financial companies and banks that offer loans after following a long internal procedure for loan sanctions. As a result, investors are drawn to such lenders owing to the flexibility and convenience offered by private moneylenders.

Typically, private moneylenders are most eager to work with people who have a promising venture. If a venture is good enough, they are willing to overlook their credit records. This form of financing can prove to be extremely expensive as such loans attract very high interest rates as compared to other banking and financial institutions. Another difficulty is that such lenders are quite hard to locate as compared to other traditional lenders.

People, who have surplus liquid cash and are on the lookout for ways to multiply this amount in a short period of time, become private moneylenders to provide funds to borrowers who are in need of quick cash.

However, it should be noted that all private moneylenders differ in their dealings and the amount of funds provided and the repayment terms may greatly differ. They may charge an interest in the range of 12% to 18% and have a well-drafted loan agreement to secure their investment. They may finance 50% to 75% of the home value post renovation for a period ranging from six months to five years.

The funds can be held in trust or escrowed until the renovation project is fully completed.
Discover exactly how Sal Vannutini combined two of the easiest (yet brutally powerful) real estate investing strategies and made an insane $31,510 Profit In Just 49 Days… And How You Can Do The Same!”. Visit FixerUpperFortunes.com

How Are Finance Charges Calculated

June 6, 2009


Whether you are shopping for a new credit card or wondering about the one that you may already have, knowing how to calculate the finance charge applied to that card is important. First, however, it is equally important to know what finance charges really are.

A credit card finance charge is the amount of money that you pay to the credit card company in order to use their credit. This is not the same as the purchase amount balance. The purchase amount balance is the dollar amount of the purchases that you made using the card. If you pay off the purchase amount balance within the stated amount of time that the company allows, you will have no finance charges applied to the amount. It is when you carry over your balance that finance charges are triggered and added to your account.

Finance charges are calculated using the amount of your outstanding balance and APR. The APR is the Annual Percentage Rate and all credit cards use them to figure finance charges. It is important for consumers to understand that the ARP can vary from one company to the next, and it can even vary within the same company. It is for this reason that consumers should always look for the companies with the lowest APR’s. This will save you money in the long run.

There are several ways that credit card companies can calculate the finance charges that they apply to consumer credit. Many people do not realize it but the method that is used can make a difference in the amount of money that you will have to pay. Here are some of the methods that credit card companies use to figure finance charges on your outstanding balance:

They can calculate using one billing cycle or two billing cycles.

They can use the adjusted balance, previous balance, or the average daily balance.

They can exclude or include new purchases in the balance.

You will normally find that you have a lower finance charge when the company uses what is known as one-cycle billing and uses the average daily balance method which excludes new purchases. Much of this, however, depends on the balance and the time of the month that you make purchases and payments.

The next lower finance charge method is the adjusted balance, followed by the previous balance method. You can see which method the company is using by reading the bill that you receive. This information is usually contained on the back side.

It is also important that you understand that some companies will have a minimum finance charge system. When a credit card company uses this system you will be charged that set amount even if your calculated finance charge is less than that amount.

Of particular importance to some credit card holders are the cash advance programs that come with some cards. Consumers should be very careful when using credit cards for cash advances. Many companies that offer cash advances treat those advances differently than they do purchases. Before you use your credit card for a cash advance, make sure you look for the details of how you will be charged for that advance.

You will certainly want to know what the APR is for cash advances. Keep in mind that this may be significantly higher than the APR that is used for purchases. You should also investigate the fees that may be applied to the transaction. Fees are in addition to the finance charge that you will have to pay.

Lastly, find out how your payments will be credited. Some companies will apply your payments to your purchases first and then to any advances in cash that you have taken.

Use your credit card wisely and keep track of your finance charges and you will enjoy your credit more fully and avoid some of the pitfalls that many consumers experience.
Peter Kenny is a writer for The Thrifty Scot, please visit us at Bank Charges and Best Credit Cards

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U.S. Government Required Disclaimer - Options trading has large potential rewards, but also large potential risk. You must be aware of the risks and be willing to accept them in order to invest in the options markets. Don't trade with money you can't afford to lose. This website is neither a solicitation nor an offer to Buy/Sell options. No representation is being made that any account will or is likely to achieve profits or losses similar to those discussed on this website. The past performance of any trading system or methodology is not necessarily indicative of future results.

HYPOTHETICAL OR SIMULATED PERFORMANCE RESULTS HAVE CERTAIN LIMITATIONS. UNLIKE AN ACTUAL PERFORMANCE RECORD, SIMULATED RESULTS DO NOT REPRESENT ACTUAL TRADING. ALSO, SINCE THE TRADES HAVE NOT BEEN EXECUTED, THE RESULTS MAY HAVE UNDER-OR-OVER COMPENSATED FOR THE IMPACT, IF ANY, OF CERTAIN MARKET FACTORS, SUCH AS LACK OF LIQUIDITY. SIMULATED TRADING PROGRAMS IN GENERAL ARE ALSO SUBJECT TO THE FACT THAT THEY ARE DESIGNED WITH THE BENEFIT OF HINDSIGHT. NO REPRESENTATION IS BEING MADE THAT ANY ACCOUNT WILL OR IS LIKELY TO ACHIEVE PROFIT OR LOSSES SIMILAR TO THOSE SHOWN.